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Friday, December 21, 2012
Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms
What are Genetically Modified (GM) Foods?
Although "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" commonly are used
interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic
makeup of organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria. Biotechnology, a more
general term, refers to using organisms or their components, such as enzymes, to
make products that include wine, cheese, beer, and yogurt.
Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA
technology, and the resulting organism is said to be "genetically modified,"
"genetically engineered," or "transgenic." GM products (current or those in
development) include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds,
and fibers.
Locating genes for important traits—such as those conferring insect
resistance or desired nutrients—is one of the most limiting steps in the
process. However, genome sequencing and discovery programs for hundreds of
organisms are generating detailed maps along with data-analyzing technologies to
understand and use them.
In 2006, 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries
by 10.3 million farmers. The majority of these crops were herbicide- and
insect-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and alfalfa. Other crops grown
commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a virus that could
decimate most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that
may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries, and a variety of plants
able to survive weather extremes.
On the horizon are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious
diseases such as hepatitis B; fish that mature more quickly; cows that are
resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease); fruit and nut
trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique
properties.
In 2006, countries that grew 97% of the global transgenic crops were the
United States (53%), Argentina (17%), Brazil (11%), Canada (6%), India (4%),
China (3%), Paraguay (2%) and South Africa (1%). Although growth is expected to
plateau in industrialized nations, it is increasing in developing countries. The
next decade will see exponential progress in GM product development as
researchers gain increasing and unprecedented access to genomic resources that
are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects.
Animals
Environment
Society
Access and Intellectual Property
Ethics
Labeling
Society
Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for
meeting some of the 21st Century's greatest challenges. Like all new
technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies
surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety,
labeling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food
security, poverty reduction, and environmental conservation (see GM Products:
Benefits and Controversies, below).
GM Products: Benefits and Controversies
Benefits
- Crops
- Enhanced taste and quality
- Reduced maturation time
- Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
- Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
- New products and growing techniques
- Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
- Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
- Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
- "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
- Conservation of soil, water, and energy
- Bioprocessing for forestry products
- Better natural waste management
- More efficient processing
- Increased food security for growing populations
Controversies
- Safety
- Potential human health impacts, including allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects
- Potential environmental impacts, including: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
- Domination of world food production by a few companies
- Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries
- Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources
- Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
- Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
- Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
- Stress for animal
- Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
- Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds labeling attempts
- New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries
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