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Saturday, December 15, 2012
Sustainable agriculture and fertilizer practices in Pakistan
Mohammad
Ali Khaskheli
Agriculture
Officer Sanghar
Agriculture is the mainstay
of Pakistan’s economy. It has a total area of 79.61 million hectare, and the
total area used for crop production is only 22 million ha. Of which about 18
million ha (80 percent) are irrigated. Pakistan agriculture accounts for 24
percent of the growth domestic product (GDP), employs 48 percent of the labour
force and contributes about 60 percent to export earnings.
Pakistan is a developing
country with the world's sixth-largest population. The current population of
Pakistan is about 160 million, which is growing at the rate of almost two
percent annually. The major population of the country (67 percent) lives in
rural areas and depends mainly on agriculture, and about 32 percent of the
population lives below the poverty level. GDP growth continues to depend on crop
performance.
The total food production in
Pakistan is about 25 million tones in 2002/03 as compared to 10 million tones in
1970/71. However it is interesting to state that the consumption of fertilizer
per hectare in Pakistan (133 kg approx.) is higher than the world average (94.1
kg/ha) but yield productions are substantially lower. This indicates to a big
gap between the supply and demand of agricultural products, which is widening
day by day due to the increasing population of the country.
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable productivity in
our agricultural ecosystems is therefore an important objective. Sustainable
agriculture depends on a whole-system approach whose overall goal is the
continuing health of the land and people. Therefore it concentrates on long term
solutions to problems instead of short term treatment of symptoms.
There are several important
constraints to sustainable agriculture and causing low productivity. They
include soil degradation (soil salinity, alkalinity, erosion and soil fertility
depletion), depletion of water resources, mismanagement of irrigation systems,
the distribution of the land holdings and poor farming practices.
The use of farm inputs,
particularly of fertilizers, is inadequate and inefficient. Farm energy use is
low. The availability of quality seed is limited. Agricultural research is
lagging behind the new challenges. Agricultural extension services are not tuned
to modern technology.
The flow of information from
research to farmers is inadequate. Coordination between policy, research,
extension and farmers could be improved. Disbursement of agricultural credit
amounts to over Rs.50 billion per annum, but is less than the requirements and
is not reaching small farmers.
An inadequate marketing
infrastructure results in high marketing costs and losses. The fertilizer
recommendations are too general. Soil testing laboratories are not adequately
equipped in terms of manpower and equipment. As a result, the majority of the
farmers become resource-poor and can not get benefit and therefore, our crop
yields are one of the lowest in the world.
Declining land productivity
with reduced crop yields has been also a major problem facing our farmers. The
major factors contributing to the reduced land productivity is soil
impoverishment caused by continuous cropping without addition of adequate
mineral fertilizers and manures. Moreover, negative soil nutrient balances
(nutrient removal exceeding nutrient application) during our cropping history
have resulted in general deterioration of fertility levels. Sustained, high
yield agricultural production can be assured once these negative balances are
addressed. Crop fertilization is the main tool available.
Fertilizer has played a key
role in helping farmers achieve their high level of production. Fertilizers
provide essential plant nutrients which are indispensable for producing
sufficient and healthy food for the world’s expanding population. Plant
nutrients are therefore a vital component of any system of sustainable
agriculture. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and in recent years, zinc, boron and
sulfur are the nutrients of most concern in the grain-production regions.
Unfortunately our soils are deficient in Nitrogen (100 %), Phosphorus (90%),
Zinc (70%) and Boron (55%). Potassium (K) is generally adequate but its
deficiency is emerging rapidly. Deficiencies and responses to other nutrients
such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and other micronutrients are reported for
specific crops and areas. When the soil cannot supply the level of nutrient
required for adequate growth, supplemental fertilizer applications become
necessary.
Prior to the introduction of
fertilizes in Pakistan in the early1950s, the use of fertilizers have increased
significantly. Total consumption of nutrients in Pakistan has increased from 5
kg/ha in 1966-67 to 133 kg/ha in 2001-2002. However, it is still much lower when
compared with other countries of the world and highly unbalanced to produce
enough and quality food to meet the country demand. The crop yields in countries
using higher fertilizer rates (e.g. Korea, Japan China, Egypt etc) are two to
three times more than Pakistan.
One of the factors responsible
for stagnating yields and decreasing fertilizer use efficiency is the current
unbalanced fertilizer use. Nutrient balances for many cropping systems are
negative. The nitrogen and phosphorus are the most limiting nutrients to crop
production but their sufficient use by majority of the smallholder farmers
become limiting due to their high costs. Indeed a substantial number of farmers
do not use fertilizers and the ones who use fertilizers apply below the
recommended rates.
In Pakistan various types of
fertilizers are used, some are locally manufactured and others are imported. In
our country, most of the fertilizer is used on irrigated wheat, cotton,
sugarcane and rice crops. On these crops the nitrogen application rate is close
to 75-80 percent of the recommendations, compared with about 20-40 percent,
depending on the crop, in the case of phosphate. Hardly 1-2 percent of farmers
apply potash; that is usually applied to fruit, vegetable, and sugarcane crops
only. Micronutrient deficiencies are common but less than five percent of the
farmers apply micronutrient fertilizers.
There are several problems
which are impeding the balance and efficient use of fertilizers. These are
commonly non-availability of specific fertilizers at right time, ever-increasing
prices, improper application methods and time, lack of knowledge among farmers
about the need for balanced fertilizer applications, adulteration and inadequate
grant of soft loans especially for the small farmers, costituting 75 per cent of
our farming community.
The increase of fertilizer use
efficiency is also related to ensuring the fertilizer quality. At present, apart
from some macro fertilizers produced industrially, there are several mixed macro
and micronutrient fertilizers, foliar fertilizers, plant growth stimulants which
are not controlled by the government. They are circulated with of fertilizer
arbitration organizations, therefore the farmers are always suffering from
losses once having bought the adulterated or low-quality fertilizers, and the
legitimate fertilizer producers and traders suffer from losses and risks.
Balanced
fertilization
Balanced fertilization is one
of the most important tools to achieve maximum crop yield. Balanced
fertilization can be defined as the rational use of fertilizers and manures for
optimum supply of all essential nutrients for maximum crop yield which
simultaneously ensures efficiency of fertilizer use promotes synergistic
interactions and keeps antagonistic interactions out of the crop production
system. Fertilizers are not cheap and therefore, it is essential that they
should be efficiently and effectively used to produce maximum increase in crop
yields so that farmers receive the best possible outputs from their expenses.
Balanced fertilization does
not mean a certain definite proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash or
other nutrients to be added in the form of fertilizer, but it has to take into
account the availability of nutrients already present in the soil, crop
requirement and other factors. It should take into account the crop removal of
nutrients, the economics of fertilizers and profitability, farmers’ ability to
invest, agro-techniques, soil moisture regime, weed control, plant protection,
seed rate, sowing time, soil salinity, alkalinity, physical environment,
microbiological condition of the soil, cropping sequence, etc. It is not a state
but a dynamic concept.
Balance fertilization is
invariably the practice, which enable the farmers to approach practically
realizable yield potentials in a cost effective and sustainable manner. Balanced
fertilization enhances crop yield, crop quality and farm income; corrects soil
nutrient deficiencies, and maintains soil fertility. Several field trials on
balance fertilization have proved the yield improvement by 50-100 per cent.
According to a (NFDC; 1999)
report, balanced use of fertilizers increased the yields of wheat by 77%,
sugarcane 100%, rice 25-100% and cotton by 400%. To reap the benefits of
balanced use of fertilizers, our farmers must implement the five key practices
(a) apply only those nutrients that will result in economic yield increases (b)
apply appropriate nutrient rates (c) apply appropriate sources of fertilizer
nutrients (d) apply nutrients at appropriate timing (e) apply using the most
effective and practical application techniques.
A balanced fertilization
strategy is the only way to ensure a sustainable agriculture that can provide
the world population with high quality food while minimizing the impact on the
environment. All available knowledge about the crop and the environment where it
will be grown must be combined to set up the right combination of nutrients to
be applied at each step of the fertilization program.
Suggestions
Among the programs of Ministry
of Agriculture, the program of agricultural extension on fertilizers is
considered a central one aiming at increasing fertilizer use efficiency, crop
yield and agricultural product quality, stabilizing and enhancing the soil
fertility.
But unfortunately, due to
different reasons, due attention was not paid to this program. However, the
following suggestions would be fruitful in promoting the balance use and proper
management of fertilizers and increasing crop yields and soil fertility.
• Setting up a united network
of agricultural extension on fertilizers with the participation of research
institutes, agricultural universities, scientific associations and
non-governmental organizations, fertilizer producing and trading
companies.
• Surveying the current status
of fertilizer use of farmers in all key agricultural areas in the whole country.
The surveyed data will be processed to find out the advantages and shortcoming
in fertilizer use for some main crops.
• Surveying the current status
and capacity of fertilizer supply and service of governmental organizations,
collective and private organizations, evaluating the supply capacity and
requirement of each fertilizer kind at localities according to short- term and
medium -term plants.
• Setting up the network of
stable and long-term field experiment on some soil types for some crops in all
agro-ecological zones in the whole country in order to exactly assess the
nutrient supplying capacity of soils, factors limiting the fertilizer use
efficiency (soils, climate and weather, management level, intellectual standard
of the people...), direct and residual efficiency of main fertilizer to serve as
a basis for establishing the formulae of reasonable fertilization.
• Setting up a network of
field experiments to assess the environmental impacts of fertilizers, especially
the impacts of fertilizers on soil fertility and agricultural product quality,
besides, through this research system identifying the relationship between
fertilizers and IPM.
• Organizing the training
courses to provide the local extension workers with new knowledge and update new
knowledge for them.
• Organizing the training for
farmers on the role of each nutrient, symptoms of nutrient shortage and method
of reasonable and efficient fertilizer through the farmer’s field schools using
the most simple and effective methods.
• Organizing the information
and propaganda on fertilizer use guides as well as introduction of new
fertilizer through mass-media.
• Printing the fertilizer use
guides. In the short term, apart from specific information, a new issue of
agricultural extension on fertilizers can be carried out at the periodical of
Pakistan Soil Science Society or the periodical of Department of Agriculture
extension.
• Working out the regulations
on fertilizer quality control aiming at preparing the fertilizer legislation.
• Carrying out the activities
of cooperation on agricultural extension on fertilizers with in-country and
foreign organizations as well as testing the efficiency of new fertilizers
manufactured by in-country as well as foreign companies.
• Establishing the technical
support fund to help the enthusiastic farmers having difficulties to form the
key farmer class at the grassroots units.
• Developing the long-term
human resource development program to improve qualifications of researchers and
extension workers to PhD level and also provide for short-term trainings to
equip them with knowledge and skills in important areas. Besides, career
structure and incentive framework may be introduced to reward quality research
and extension work.
Expected Outputs/Benefits
• The farmers provided with
basis knowledge of fertilizer: Kind, composition, properties, method of storage,
fertilizer use guide (not only for agricultural crops but also for forest
trees).
• Agricultural output increase
due to increase in crop yield.
• Agricultural product value
increase due to increase in quality.
• Fertilizer cost for a
product unit reduced, hard foreign currencies economized due to reasonable
fertilizer use.
• Balanced fertilization
reduces the incidence of plant diseases, such as red-leaf stem blight in cotton
as found in various provinces of China. Natural improvements in the plant's
ability to resist disease infections result in less need for insecticides and
fungicides, which lowers production costs for farmers and reduces chances for
negative environmental impact.
• Environmental pollution
protected due to decrease in gaseous nitrogen looses as well as nitrate loss by
leaching.
• Soil fertility stabilized
and enhanced.
In summary all embracing
efforts should be made to educate farmers to practice balanced use of
fertilizers. Of late, some fertilizer companies and associations have come
forward to educate the villagers, publication of literature in regional
languages related to balanced use of fertilizers for higher crop yields in a
sustainable way. The actual time has come; the farmers, researchers and other
related communities should come forward and act in this respect.
The chemical fertilizers are
very expensive therefore, should be used judiciously and use manures along with
chemical fertilizers for improving the crop yield and soil productivity in a
sustainable way. Many more activities are being planned to promote the balanced
use of fertilizers. And it is hoped that all these efforts would lead to desired
awareness and as a result balanced fertilizer use would become a reality in near
future.
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